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| Communist
Era Government Structure |
| The 1960-1990 government structure
of Mongolia is the best representation of the country's communist
organization, since by 1960 the Communist Party leadership was firmly
established, the country's economic and social situation had stabilized,
and the Soviet model had been implemented. The Mongolian People's
Revolutionary Party (MPRP) was the only party in power throughout
the communist period. The Mongolian people engaged in compulsory,
one-choice voting every five years to elect The People's Great Hural
(Assembly).* |
| The People's Great Hural consisted
of 370 members of the MPRP elected from each election district (the
total population was divided into units of 4,000 people for the elections).
It should be noted that the voters confirmed rather than elected
the candidate chosen by MPRP for each election district, since they
did not have multiple options to choose from and the candidates were
to be accepted unanimously. The People's Great Hural, the state's
highest legislative body and government organ, ruled the state, established
all executive state organizations, and was responsible for ratifying
and amending the Constitution and other laws. |
"...voters confirmed
rather than elected the candidate chosen by MPRP for each
election district..."
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| The People's Great Hural drafted
economic development plans for the country; every five years the members
ratified a five-year economic plan that set the goals of development
for different economic sectors. The Chairman, together with the members
of the Presidium of the State Great Hural (see chart), held the ultimate
authority over State matters. They had ten permanent offices (such
as agriculture, infrastructure and industry, and education) that oversaw
and implemented different aspects of state affairs. Under a particularly
dictatorial chairman, the Presidium could hold all the power, reducing
the Great Hural's responsibilities to a mere unanimous approval. Such
one-man dictatorship occurred under Marshal Choibalsan, who held the
Chairman's position from 1939 to 1952.* |
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The People's Great
Hural appointed the Council of Ministers, which oversaw agricultural,
cultural, educational, science, economic, and political sectors. The
State Committee, which functioned under the Council of the Ministers,
was in charge of drafting one-year development plans, implementing
plans ratified by the Great Hural across the country, and monitoring
and evaluating these plans. The State Supreme Justice and State Prosecutors
were appointed by the Great Hural and worked according to the instructions
provided by the Hural. The Supreme Justice and State Prosecutors appointed
the judicial administration on the local level.* |
| The
Ih Hural (Parliament) in the Communist era, courtesy of the National
Museum of Mongolian History. |
| The People's Great Hural also
appointed the provincial and district hural members, who were responsible
for implementing the laws and decrees of the central government. The
provincial and district hurals were in charge of all local political,
economic, and social organizations and activities. The executive committees
of the provincial and district hurals were elected by the provincial
and district hurals to effectively manage the rapidly increasing urban
and rural population. These committees served as bureaucratic organizations
for the district Hurals, and reported both to the Council of the Ministries
and the local Hurals for their activities. |
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