A really big show

One factoid about the Museum that never fails to amaze in conversation is the estimate that what’s on exhibition is less than 5% of our total collections.  The usual response is, “where’s the rest of the stuff?”  The answer is ‘in storage’.  The Museum has a whole array of storerooms (my usual joke is that even our basements have basements) in varying degrees of museological appropriateness.  Since 1978 the Museum has been dedicated to improving all of our storage to better preserve the artifacts but it’s a big job and has to happen in gradual increments.  We’ve just made a major advance in giving some of our oversize textiles an amazing new home, thanks in part to a grant from the Institute for Museum and Library Services (IMLS).

Textile storage in 1978

Textile storage in 1978

To give you an idea what our textile storage used to look like 50 years ago, take a look at these pictures.  Delicate silks hanging on wire hangers, other large textiles folded many times and piled on to jammed shelving.  Not good for the textiles – hangers and folds create stress areas where fibers will break – or for researchers wanting to access the artifacts.

Textile storage improvements made by 1986

Textile storage improvements made by 1986

By 1986, things were improving for many of our textiles, as shown in the above image.  Smaller items were laid out in single layers in drawers; larger items were rolled on acid free tubes – both housed within museum-grade cabinetry, guaranteed not to rust, or emit gasses that would harm the textiles.

An example of a very large textile that wouldn't fit in our standard cabinets.

An example of a very large textile that wouldn’t fit in our standard cabinets.

In 2011, we started a major campaign to survey and rehouse one of our most important textile collections – those from Max Uhle’s excavations in Pachacamac, Peru (read more about this project in this blog, with tag ‘Pachacamac’).  By last summer, all but the largest textiles had been rehoused in new improved storage.  But those large textiles were a challenge: they were very large and very delicate: neither rolling nor folding (even with the folds padded out to prevent the sort of damage  mentioned above) was the best idea.

American Section Keeper William Wierzbowski, inspecting the large area he's cleared out to receive the Cabinet

American Section Keeper William Wierzbowski, inspecting the large area he’s cleared out to receive the Cabinet

So, we ordered a custom-made cabinet to house the largest textiles, giving them sufficient room and making it possible (after 100+ years in our collections) for researchers to access them.  The cabinet arrived recently and it is a behemoth!  Even disassembled, the parts wouldn’t fit in our elevators and barely fit in the passageway to storage.  But we got it in and the great techs from Delta Design assembled it in no time, finishing our IMLS grant in fine style.

Pieces of cabinet being unloaded from truck (left) and fitting - barely - through route to storage (right)

Pieces of cabinet being unloaded from truck (left) and fitting – barely – through route to storage (right)

Delta Design installers making the cabinet ready to receive its precious contents

Delta Design installers making the cabinet ready to receive its precious contents

Max Uhle can rest in peace knowing his hard work in excavating and recording these amazing textiles was not in vain and that they are now well equipped to face another century in our Museum.

American Section Keeper Bill Wierzbowski admires oversize textiles in their new home

American Section Keeper Bill Wierzbowski admires oversize textiles in their new home

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How Many Toilet Paper Tubes Will It Take to Operate Penn Museum Summer Camp 2013?

I’m not into social media that much (for starters, I don’t do Facebook–gasp!), but if my fellow colleagues at the Penn Museum would happen to pick an avatar, a visual representation for myself, it would probably be this:

This is not because I visit the bathroom more frequently than the average person.  This is because I am a hoarder of reusable by-products.  And my coworkers anticipate this and enable me.  Case in point:

One industrial sized garbage bag and one box full of leftover foam donated via Jim Moss are stashed underneath an office desk.  Fortunately, this space is unoccupied and allows me to contain my hoarding.  A little bit anyway.  Thanks for thinking of me, Jim.

One industrial sized garbage bag and one box full of leftover foam donated via Jim Moss are stashed underneath an office desk. Fortunately, this space is unoccupied and allows me to contain my hoarding. A little bit anyway. Thanks for donating, Jim.

One of the cool things about my job is planning the annual Summer Camp program; I get to put my 4- year art degree (and recent hoarding habit) to work by planning the camp’s crafts.  Toilet tubes happen to be one of my favorite items to hoard.  Case in point:

Check out what’s holding up this camper’s temple pediment!  I was really hoping for campers to have four tubes to make four columns and an actual mini-temple.  Alas, we ran low on TP tubes by the time we got to this craft.

Check out what’s holding up this camper’s temple pediment! I was really hoping for campers to have four tubes to make four columns and an actual mini-temple. Alas, we ran low on TP tubes by the time we got to this craft.

Check out these donated foam bits in action:

Maya jade death masks.  Made from donated foam chips, courtesy of Chrisso Boulis.

Maya jade death masks. Made from donated foam chips, courtesy of Chrisso Boulis.

So, how many tubes will it take to operate the camp this summer?  At least 260.  Here’s the crafts on the docket that call for the paper tubes:

Cat Mummies, Mini-Trojan Horses, and Larariums (ancient Roman at-home altars) are just a few of the summer's crafts

Cat Mummies, Mini-Trojan Horses, and Larariums (ancient Roman at-home altars) are just a few of the summer’s crafts

 

I will need those TP tubes by July.  So, before those tubes hit your recycling bin, considering donating them to Penn Museum summer camp.

Many thanks to my coworkers for enabling my crafty (hoarding) habit!

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Ur Digitization Project: April 2013

This month we have begun examining clay figurines from Ur. Our goal is to confirm museum object associations with field records.

Here are two examples to show the process, challenges, and a little detail on the imagery:

Artifacts of the month
Spotlight on field number U.1527 (museum number B15689) and field number U.18001B? (museum number 33-35-29)
Bearded Male Figurines

U.1527, figurine of bearded male wearing horned crown that shows him to be a deity.

U.1527, figurine of bearded male wearing horned crown that shows him to be a deity.

In this case, our museum records indicate that B15689 is associated with field number U.1527. The field catalogue card describes that object as:

Clay figurine.
Fragment of,
head and shoulders only,
drab clay: moulded.
Bearded figure in high horned headdress.
P.
Height: M. 0.082
Diqdiqqeh

Modern measurements show the height to be around 79mm instead of the maximum 82 reported in the field, but it is within tolerable limits and the imagery of the piece is exactly as described. Furthermore, the ‘P’ on the field card clearly shows this object was sent to Philadelphia in the original division. So this one is easily confirmed and we now know that the artifact was found in the suburb of Ur known as Diqdiqqeh.

33-35-29, very much like U.18001; figurine of a bearded male carrying an offering to the gods of a kid goat. The hat this figure wears shows him not to be a deity, but perhaps the king.

33-35-29, very much like U.18001; figurine of a bearded male carrying a kid goat. The hat this figure wears shows him not to be a deity, but perhaps the king.

This second example has no connection to field number and is more difficult to locate. We can search on the general imagery, but we would have to know the wording Woolley would have used, probably: bearded male with close-fitting hat, carrying a goat or kid. But he was not always consistent in his wording and there are many figurines of bearded men in general, so using only the broadest words will probably generate so many hits as not to be overly useful (or rather to take a great deal of time to examine). Best if we can narrow down the initial search with other information.

We know the modern measurements, about 62mm in height, but Woolley didn’t always record the measurements and his don’t always match ours exactly. We can search within 5mm as one way to narrow down and check the ones that do have measurements first.

We also know that the object was accessioned in 1933. This is clear in the museum number, as the first two digits represent the year. This means that the object is quite likely to have been from the 11th season at Ur, which ended early in 1933. If it isn’t from that year, then it is next most likely to have come from the 10th season, 1931-32.

It is possible that artifacts were remaining un-accessioned from still earlier seasons, so if it isn’t found in those years, the search has to be opened up further, but it’s best to start with the narrowest search possible.

Unfortunately, there are no clear hits for this object, even with the more open searches throughout the seasons. A great many figurines were found in the 11th season and in many cases, Woolley writes on the field card indications that there may be multiple examples of one type; for example, he lists U.17156A but not a B example. It seems he intended to go back and add examples but may have felt the main record of the type was enough, or he simply got too busy to fill in the details of the other examples. Naturally, we can’t confirm that our piece is one of these unrecorded examples, but we can find a very good representation of the type in season 11 — U.18001 — described as:

Terracotta figurine.
Bearded offrant with kid.
Fragment.
ht. 013
width 008
Photo 2048
Diqdiqqeh

Field photo number 2048 showing artifact U.18001. More complete than 33-35-29, but the same imagery.

Field photo number 2048 showing artifact U.18001. More complete than 33-35-29, but the same imagery.

The field photo shows the exact type, with kid goat’s head at left as we observe it. The best preserved example was the type model, U.18001 being 130mm high, showing the figure to the knee. Ours is only 62mm high, broken at the arms, showing only the upper portion of the kid goat.

Thus, it is possible that Woolley intended this to be another example of the type, but didn’t specifically record it. That can’t truly be proven, but there are no other examples of this type from other seasons that are not already attached to a museum number. The best we can do is suggest that 33-35-29 is a mould-made figurine very much like U.18001, and possibly coming from Diqdiqqeh.

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National Poetry Month, Week 4

This week, Thomas and Max give us new ways to look at Harpoon-shaped Head:

Spearhead B17528A

Pointy
Sharp, Shiny
Stabbing, Throwing, Battling
What is it made of?
Wood
by Thomas

Sharp
Brown, Amazed
Amazing, Interesting, Attracting
How was it made?
Awesome
by Max

Inspired by an artifact on view, an Abington School District 2nd grader demonstrates the throwing of a spear in the Iraq's Ancient Past exhibition.  Photo: Dari Sutton

Inspired by an artifact on view, an Abington School District 2nd grader demonstrates the throwing of a spear in the Iraq’s Ancient Past exhibition. Photo: Dari Sutton

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National Poetry Month, Week 3

This week highlights two iconic objects from the Iraq’s Ancient Past exhibition:  Ram in the Thicket and Puabi’s Diadem and Headdress.  Here is what the guest interpreters had to say:

“Ram in the Thicket”
30-12-702

Ram Caught in a Thicket
Shiny
A ram, Curious
Kicking, Standing, Eating
Why did they create this?
Stuck
by Marley

An Abington 2nd grader jots down reflections about Lady Puabi's jewels. Photo: Dari Sutton

An Abington 2nd grader jots down reflections about Lady Puabi’s jewels. Photo: Dari Sutton

Puabi’s Golden Headdress
Pretty
Big, Amazed
Drooping, Fascinating, Amazing
Where was this made?
Pattern
by Lucy

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National Poetry Month, Week 2

This week, Abington School District guest interpreters Jacob and Kaileb give us two new ways to look at Penn Museum’s iconic Lyre with Bearded Bull’s Head and Inlaid Panel.

Horns
Cool, Creepy
Living, Snorting, Kicking
Where did it come from?
Brown
by Jacob

Bull-like
Amazing, Surprised
Attracting, Interesting, Amusing
How did they make it?
Beard
by Kaileb

The Abington 2nd grade guest interpreters examine a case in the Iraq's Ancient Past exhibition.  Photo:  Dari Sutton

The Abington 2nd grade guest interpreters examine a case in the Iraq’s Ancient Past exhibition. Photo: Dari Sutton

 

 

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National Poetry Month, Week 1

The month of April is a month full of dedications – everything from Fools (April 1) to Administrative Professionals (April 24) and even the whole Earth itself (April 22) receive a special day.  My personal favorite celebration for April is National Poetry Month.

Back in February, second graders from Abington School District visited the Penn Museum.  They had learned about the roles of curators, conservators, and other museum staff (stuff I didn’t discuss in class until grad school!) and wanted to experience it all first-hand.  They practiced conservation techniques and had a special chat with Molly Gleeson from In the Artifact Lab.

 

Abington School District 2nd graders piece together pots during a conservation workshop.

Abington School District 2nd graders piece together pots during a conservation workshop led by Julia McMeans. Photo:  Dari Sutton

Molly Gleeson gives a special presentation from the Artifact Lab for the 2nd graders.  Photo:  Dari Sutton

Molly Gleeson gives a special presentation inside Artifact Lab for the 2nd graders. Photo: Dari Sutton

To supplement their visit, the students were also given an interpretation task:  select an object from Iraq’s Ancient Past and write a five-line poem, a cinquain, about what you see and feel.

In the spirit of the month, you can read two poems a week written by the guest interpreters.

Special thanks to Ms. Tanay, the parents of the Abington School District 2nd graders, Molly Gleeson, and Dari Sutton for making this visit and blog post possible!

Week One Poems:

Beads of Gold, Lapis lazuli, and Carnelian
Exotic
Wondering, Patterns
Shining, Amazing, Glowing
Who used this artifact?
Beautiful
by Charlotte

Earring
Gold
Lapis lazuli, Unique
Shining, Glowing, Interesting
Who made this?
Cool
by Katy

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Conserving ENIAC (aka Project CLEANIAC)

One of the responsibilities of the conservation department is to provide advice and consultation on conservation matters for colleagues, the university community and the general public.  The University Community often produces some interesting queries, like the time the ICA wanted to know how to prevent pest problems when exhibiting artworks made of chocolate.  Some time ago, it was an email from Helen Anderson, Senior Director of Computing and Educational Technology Services (CETS) at Penn Engineering.  She wanted to know if we could recommend someone to do a condition report of ENIAC.  I’d known that ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer; the first general-purpose electronic computer) had been developed at Penn and was on exhibit nearby but I’d never gone to see it.  It turned out that the ENIAC components at Penn were on loan from the Smithsonian Institution and the owners wanted an updated description of the artifact’s current condition.  This was not something Penn Engineering was equipped for but is a common requirement for artifacts loaned from one museum to another.  I was intrigued and offered our services to do a basic condition report.

Pre-program intern Vicki Chisholm examining ENIAC components as part of the condition survey.

As luck would have it, I couldn’t go on the day we’d selected for the visit but my colleagues Julie Lawson and Nina Owczarek took our pre-program interns, Jessica Walthew, Vicki Chisholm, and Elizabeth Kovich along to help out and get experience with a different sort of artifact than those they’d seen in our Museum.  It may seem counterintuitive, but modern materials like ENIAC (dating to 1946) can be much more problematic for conservators than things that are thousands of years old.  Archaeological artifacts are the products of a sort of Darwinian selection: many kinds of materials don’t survive in the archaeological record because they deteriorate completely in use or burial.  Plastics and many metals generally are much more ephemeral.  Our conservators found that Penn’s ENIAC had some issues that needed addressing: it was dusty, rusty, and had suffered some water damage (not surprising, since some accounts say the pieces were rescued from the dump at the Aberdeen Proving Ground).  After some consultation with the conservators at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History, Conservator Julie Lawson supervised interns Jess Walthew and Vicki Chisholm in cleaning and stabilization of this relic of the earliest Computer Age.  So, ENIAC is good to go for another few years.  Stop by and see it sometime at Penn’s School of Engineering and Applied Science.

Fun fact: As of 1997, a square chip of silicon measuring 0.25 inches (8 mm) on a side holds the same capacity as the ENIAC, which occupied a large room.  Jan Van Der Spiegel (1996-03). “ENIAC-on-a-Chip”. PENNPRINTOUT.

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Penn Museum in Spain

Photo Mar 22, 12 54 08 PM

Last week, two couriers from Penn Museum, Assistant Archivist Eric Schnittke and Collections Assistant Jim Moss, traveled to Madrid, Spain to oversee the installation of 64 Near East and Babylonian objects along with 20 archival documents at CaixaForum Madrid.

Antes del diluvio. Mesopotamia 3500-2100 aC (Before the Flood: Mesopotamia 3500-1200 BC) pulls together over 400 objects from 32 museums and collectors from over a dozen countries to tell the story of the origins of writing, city planning and monumental architecture in the cradle of civilization (modern day southern Iraq).  Click here to visit Penn Museum’s own Iraq’s Ancient Past: Rediscovering Ur’s Royal Cemetery exhibit.

Penn Museum Jewelry from Ur ready for their labels.

Penn Museum Jewelry from Ur ready for their labels.

Eric and myself spent five days overseeing the installation of Penn’s objects, along with couriers from museums from across North America and Europe, including the Field Museum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Royal Ontario Museum, the British Museum, the Louvre, and many others.

There is a lot going on in an exhibit installation of this size.

Museum couriers carefully unpack and check each object, before it can be mounted and installed into the exhibit.  International Loans of this size take over a years’ worth of preparation by the Museum’s staff of Registrars and Conservators, to document and prepare each object for travel.

 

Eric checks the condition of a map of the Temenos (sacred precinct) of Ur.

Eric checks the condition of a map of the Temenos (sacred precinct) of Ur.

 Penn Museum’s Registrar Office has recently purchased two iPads to aid in condition reporting, which is where the object’s current condition is checked against photos taken before they left Philadelphia, to verify that nothing has been damaged during shipping.

Jim checks the condition of B16570, .

The CaixaForum building itself is a work of art.  Built within a gutted electrical station, the ground floor was removed, and the building appears to float in the air.  Topped with oxidized cast-iron to give it a rust colored look to match the brick below, the building is flanked by a vertical garden wall consisting of 250 species and 15,000 plants, contrasting the industrial with the natural.  Click here to see an interview with architect Jacques Herzog.

CaixaForum Madrid and the adjacent Vertical Garden.

While courier trips can often include long hours, we were fortunate to stay in the heart of Madrid, where we had the option of many fine restaurants to choose from, and were exposed to wonders of Spanish tapas.  With the help of La Caixa’s professional team of installers, we were able to finish on schedule and were left with Saturday and Sunday to explore Madrid before our return flight on Monday.

With only Penn Staff and the installers left to finish up, Eric celebrates the end of a productive week.

With only Penn Staff and the installers left to finish up, Eric celebrates the end of a productive week.

Having finished on time, we had the opportunity to explore the Prado, Reina Sophia, and the Palacio Real de Madrid (pictured here).

Having finished on time, we had the opportunity to explore the Prado, Reina Sophia, and the
Palacio Real de Madrid (pictured here).

 

food

The best part of traveling!

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Ur Digitization Project: March 2013

This month we had a week-long visit from archaeo-metallurgists from the Deutches Bergbau-Museum, the University of Franfurt am Main, and the University of Toulouse, Le Mirail. They brought with them some impressive equipment for spot analysis of many metal objects from Ur and will do more in-depth studies of the results back in their home countries.

Some of their analysis was conducted with microscopes to investigate tool marks and better understand the way in which these objects were made. Another aspect was the analysis of chemical structure. This might normally require invasive techniques, but these scientists brought with them a non-invasive portable X-Ray Florescence (XRF) machine. Looking something like a radar gun that might check your car’s speed, it fires X-rays at an object and measures the return. From this it can tell the composition of the metal at the surface.

Let’s focus on one particular object they analyzed:

Artifact of the month
Spotlight on field number U.9339 (museum number B16691)
Gold or Electrum Adze-head

Adze U9339/B16691 : Made of gold? How much gold?

Adze U9339/B16691 : Made of gold? How much gold?

This is the head of a tool known as an adze, something like a cross between an axe and a hoe. Often used in wood-working, this particular tool was found in a royal tomb, PG 580, along with many other tools and weapons. What makes this adze particularly interesting is that it appears to be made of gold. In this same tomb were also found two gold chisels, a gold javelin head, and a gold dagger. Many copper tools and arrow heads, as well as a silver belt were found here too, but no human bones — a curious result for a grave. At first the dig director, Sir Leonard Woolley, believed this to be an offering chamber rather than a burial. Later he suggested that most of the bones in the tomb had deteriorated beyond recognition. He offered this explanation on p. 48 of Ur Excavations 2:

“…occasionally a skeleton might be almost intact, in another neighbouring grave the body, though undisturbed, might be reduced to a scarcely distinguishable brown dust with perhaps a splinter or two of quite hard bone; often of a single bone, or of a skull, one half would be solid and intact and the rest would have disappeared completely.”

There are many questions related to PG 580 that have yet to be answered. Some of the problems arise from the method of excavation — it was actually cut into from the side rather than from the top down. This was the first of the ‘royal’ tombs to be encountered and the excavators hit it from the side of Trench E at the very end of the 1926-27 season. But this isn’t the place to go into all of the questions and difficulties of the evidence. The point here is to concentrate on one particular artifact in the grave, the adze U.9339.

Plan drawing of PG580. Number 16 on the plan is the adze U9339.

Plan drawing of PG580. Number 16 on the plan is the adze U9339.

The adze (no. 16  on the map) was found near the center of the large grave, the floor of which was some 14×20 feet. Evidence of its handle was clear — it had been wrapped in places with thin gold bands. The end of the haft was beveled and clad in gold with a copper nail to hold it in place. Nearby was the silver-clad belt with gold dagger (nos. 20 and 21), many beads (no. 19), and two copper adzes (no. 17). If there was a primary body here, it was surely wearing the belt and dagger and thus the adze may have been held in or near the hands of the deceased. But was it really made of gold?

Moritz Jansen operates the portable XRF machine to determine the precise content of the metal of adze U9339.

Moritz Jansen operates the portable XRF machine, analyzing metal composition.

A German doctoral student operated the XRF machine, bombarding a 6 mm portion of this very adze with X-rays. After two minutes, the computer screen displayed the results:

55% AG (silver)
40% AU (gold)
5% CU (copper)

The readings are more precise than that, with minor occurrences of other elements that may eventually help us to locate the source of the metals, but I show the major results. There is a high quantity of silver, even more than most electrum ores. Electrum can occur naturally, but the silver here was probably added as an intentional alloy. Why? The first thought might be to make it stronger, so that it might function as an actual tool. But copper would be the choice to add if that were the goal, silver doesn’t make the metal that much stronger. So the main reason must have been for the color, or aesthetic appeal, to show that this person was important or wealthy. Mesopotamians did understand alloying and their texts sometimes refer to ‘white gold’ and ‘red gold’, probably gold mixed with silver in the first case and copper in the second. Somewhat contrary to what you might expect, red gold tended to be more valuable, though admittedly we don’t have a lot of evidence of the relative values.

Analysis of this object has led to many more questions, but such is the nature of research. We learn by investigating things, often things we thought we already knew. That’s why we need all the information from Ur to be gathered together in one place, available for study — the main goal of the Ur Project.

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